15 Natural Anti-Parasitic Herbs: An Evidence-Based Guide

If you've been researching natural approaches to gut health, chances are you've come across the topic of parasites — and you may have been surprised by how widespread parasitic infections actually are. Most people associate parasites with developing countries or contaminated water sources abroad, but the CDC has identified parasitic infections as a significant and frequently under-recognized public health concern right here in the United States. [1][2]

 

The good news is that nature has provided some remarkably effective tools for addressing them. Plants have spent millions of years developing chemical defenses against exactly these kinds of organisms, and a growing body of research is validating what traditional medicine has known for centuries: certain herbs carry meaningful anti-parasitic activity.

 

This guide covers 15 of the most well-researched anti-parasitic herbs, explains the mechanisms behind how they work, and gives you practical guidance on building an effective protocol. That said — if you suspect an active parasitic infection, laboratory testing through a qualified healthcare provider is essential. The herbs discussed here are best used as complementary tools, not substitutes for proper diagnosis.

 

What Are Parasites?

 

 

A parasite is any organism that lives on or inside another host organism, extracting nutrients at the host's expense. In human health, parasitic infections fall into three broad categories.

 

Protozoa — Single-celled organisms such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Toxoplasma gondii. These microscopic parasites can colonize the intestinal tract, liver, and other organs, and are a leading cause of waterborne illness worldwide. Toxoplasmosis alone is estimated to affect approximately 11% of Americans over the age of six. [1][2]

 

Helminths (worms) — Multicellular organisms including roundworms (nematodes), tapeworms (cestodes), and flukes (trematodes). Common species include pinworms, hookworms, and various Ascaris species. Helminth infections are often chronic and can persist for months or years with minimal obvious symptoms.

 

Ectoparasites — Organisms like lice, ticks, and mites that live on the body's surface. This guide focuses primarily on internal (endoparasitic) infections affecting the gut and related organ systems.

 

Symptoms of parasitic infections can include digestive disturbances (bloating, gas, irregular bowel movements), fatigue, unexplained weight changes, skin irritation, and nutrient deficiencies. But here's what makes them so tricky: many parasitic infections are subclinical, meaning they produce no obvious symptoms at all. [2]

 

If you suspect a parasitic infection, stool analysis (including ova and parasite testing), blood work, and imaging may all be necessary to confirm what you're dealing with. The herbs in this guide have a long history of traditional use and a growing body of scientific support, but they work best as part of an informed, tested approach.

 

How Anti-Parasitic Herbs Work

 

 

Plants have evolved an extraordinary chemical arsenal over millions of years, much of it highly effective against parasitic organisms. These bioactive compounds — including alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and sulfur-containing molecules — work through several distinct mechanisms. [3][4]

 

Cell membrane disruption: Compounds like thymol (found in thyme and oregano) and allicin (found in garlic) can directly damage parasite cell membranes, causing loss of structural integrity and cell death. [3]

 

Enzyme and metabolic inhibition: Curcumin (turmeric) and berberine (goldenseal) interfere with critical enzymatic processes that parasites depend on for energy production and reproduction. Curcumin, for instance, has been shown to disrupt microtubule assembly in Giardia lamblia trophozoites, impairing the parasite's ability to adhere to intestinal walls. [5]

 

Neuromuscular paralysis: Several compounds target the nervous systems of helminths. Azadirachtin from neem interferes with cholinergic neurotransmission in parasitic worms, causing paralysis and facilitating expulsion from the digestive tract. [6]

 

Oxidative stress induction: Certain plant compounds generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) within parasite cells, overwhelming their antioxidant defenses. Thymoquinone from black seed oil operates partly through this mechanism. [7]

 

Biofilm disruption: Some parasites and the pathogenic organisms that accompany them form protective biofilms in the gut. Berberine and neem extracts have demonstrated the ability to penetrate and disrupt these biofilms, making organisms more vulnerable. [6]

 

In practice, most anti-parasitic herbs contain multiple bioactive compounds that work through several of these mechanisms simultaneously — which is one reason herbal approaches may have advantages over single-compound pharmaceutical interventions, particularly when drug resistance is a concern. [3][4]

 

15 Anti-Parasitic Herbs Backed by Research

 

1. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)

 

 

Wormwood is one of the oldest documented anti-parasitic herbs in Western herbalism and holds a prominent place in the traditional pharmacopoeias of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Its primary active compound, artemisinin, features a unique endoperoxide bridge that reacts with iron inside parasite cells — generating free radicals that damage the organism from within. This same mechanism has made artemisinin the foundation of modern antimalarial therapy and shows real promise against intestinal helminths. [3]

 

Wormwood also contains absinthin and artabsin, bitter sesquiterpene lactones that stimulate digestive secretions and create an inhospitable environment for parasitic organisms throughout the GI tract.

 

Wormwood is one of the most potent herbs on this list — which means it's also the one that demands the most respect. I always recommend starting with a lower dose and working up, and cycling off periodically rather than using it continuously. It should not be used long-term without guidance from a qualified practitioner.

 

Active compound: Artemisinin, absinthin, artabsin

 

Best form: Tincture or standardized extract

 

Read our full guide: Wormwood for Parasites

 

2. Black Walnut Hull (Juglans nigra)

 

 

The green hulls of black walnuts have been used in North American folk medicine for generations, particularly for intestinal worms. The primary active compound is juglone, a naphthoquinone that exerts its anti-parasitic activity primarily through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which overwhelm the parasite's antioxidant defense systems. [18] Black walnut hulls also contain tannins and iodine, which contribute to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

 

Most traditional parasite cleanse protocols include black walnut hull alongside wormwood and cloves — a combination that targets parasites across multiple life stages.

 

Black walnut hull tincture is most potent when made from the fresh green hull, not dried. If you're sourcing a commercial product, look for one that specifies green hull extraction and mentions juglone content. The difference in potency is significant.

 

Active compound: Juglone, tannins, iodine

 

Best form: Green hull tincture

 

Read our full guide: Black Walnut Hull for Parasites

 

3. Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum)

 

 

Cloves are often paired with wormwood and black walnut hull because they address something the other two herbs don't: parasite eggs. Eugenol, the primary phenolic compound in clove essential oil, is one of the few plant compounds with documented ovicidal (egg-killing) activity, which theoretically helps interrupt the reproductive cycle of parasitic worms. [3] Eugenol works by disrupting parasite cell membranes and interfering with critical enzymatic processes.

 

Beyond their anti-parasitic role, cloves deliver potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support, which helps protect the gut lining during a cleanse.

 

The reason cloves are almost always used as part of a three-herb protocol (wormwood + black walnut + cloves) rather than alone is that combination approaches address adults, larvae, and eggs simultaneously. Using any one of these in isolation leaves gaps in coverage.

 

Active compound: Eugenol, acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene

 

Best form: Essential oil (diluted), tincture, or powder in capsule

 

Read our full guide: Cloves for Parasites

 

4. Oregano (Origanum vulgare)

 

 

Oregano oil is one of the most well-studied botanical anti-parasitics, and its primary active compounds — carvacrol and thymol — have demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against intestinal parasites in multiple PMC-indexed studies, including inhibition of both larval development and adult worm motility. [10] These phenolic monoterpenes disrupt parasite cell membranes and interfere with critical metabolic functions, with in vitro studies showing potent activity against Giardia, Blastocystis hominis, and various helminth species.

 

Oil of oregano also carries significant antifungal and antibacterial properties, making it useful during gut-clearing protocols where candida and bacterial overgrowth often co-exist with parasitic infection.

 

Oregano oil is powerful, and some individuals find it quite aggressive on the digestive system — especially at higher doses. I usually recommend enteric-coated capsules for those with a sensitive stomach, or diluting the oil in a carrier before use. Cycling with gentler herbs like thyme prevents tolerance buildup.

 

Active compound: Carvacrol, thymol

 

Best form: Oil of oregano (standardized carvacrol), enteric-coated softgel

 

Read our full guide: Oregano Oil for Parasites

 

5. Garlic (Allium sativum)

 

 

Garlic has one of the longest track records of any herb on this list — it's been used medicinally across virtually every major civilization, and modern research continues to validate its anti-parasitic potential. Its primary compound, allicin, is a thiosulfinate formed when raw garlic is crushed or chopped. Allicin's anti-parasitic activity has been documented against multiple species including Giardia, Entamoeba, and various helminth larvae, with mechanisms including direct membrane disruption via thiosulfinate chemistry. [19]

 

The catch with garlic is bioavailability: allicin is formed enzymatically and is unstable, degrading rapidly when exposed to heat or stomach acid. Aged garlic extracts and tinctures preserve more of the active compounds than cooked or powdered garlic.

 

I always tell clients: don't underestimate garlic just because it's familiar. The research on its anti-parasitic and antifungal effects is strong. But the form matters enormously. Raw, freshly crushed garlic or a quality aged extract delivers the goods; garlic powder capsules generally don't. If you can tolerate raw garlic, that's often the most potent option.

 

Active compound: Allicin, alliin, ajoene, diallyl disulfide

 

Best form: Raw crushed cloves, aged extract tincture, or liquid extract

 

Read our full guide: Garlic for Parasites

 

6. Pumpkin Seeds (Cucurbita pepo)

 

 

Pumpkin seeds are one of the most accessible and gentle anti-parasitic foods, and they've been used for centuries across folk medicine traditions on multiple continents. Cucurbitacin, the primary anti-parasitic compound, has been studied for its ability to cause paralysis in tapeworms and roundworms by affecting their muscular function, facilitating their release from the intestinal wall and subsequent elimination from the body. [20]

 

Unlike many of the stronger herbs on this list, pumpkin seeds are generally well tolerated and appropriate for daily consumption during a cleanse protocol.

 

I like pumpkin seeds as a foundational, food-based component of any parasite protocol — particularly for families or individuals who want a gentler approach. They're especially well-suited for children when working with a pediatric practitioner. A quarter to half a cup of raw, freshly ground seeds on an empty stomach is the traditional preparation.

 

Active compound: Cucurbitacin, fatty acids, zinc

 

Best form: Raw, freshly ground seeds (on empty stomach)

 

Read our full guide: Pumpkin Seeds for Parasites

 

7. Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya)

 

 

Papaya seeds have gained attention in both traditional medicine and modern research for their anthelmintic properties. The primary active agents are papain (a proteolytic enzyme) and carpaine (an alkaloid), which work together to break down parasite cell walls and interfere with their motility and reproductive function. A clinical study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food found that air-dried papaya seeds combined with honey were significantly more effective than placebo at clearing intestinal parasites, with an 81.5% clearance rate for helminths.

 

Papaya seeds also contain benzyl isothiocyanate, a compound with documented antiparasitic effects against nematodes and other intestinal worms.

 

I recommend papaya seeds as a complementary addition during a cleanse rather than a primary standalone. The fresh seeds from a ripe papaya, dried and ground, are more potent than commercial capsules. They have a peppery, slightly bitter flavor that some people don't love — blending them into a smoothie makes them much more palatable.

 

Active compound: Papain, carpaine, benzyl isothiocyanate

 

Best form: Dried and ground fresh seeds

 

Read our papaya seeds for parasites guide here.

 

8. Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

 

 

Pomegranate peel in particular has a rich history in Ayurvedic and Middle Eastern medicine as an antiparasitic agent, and modern studies have validated this traditional use. The primary active compounds are punicalagins and ellagic acid — powerful polyphenols with tannin-based mechanisms that bind to and disrupt the structural proteins of parasitic worms. Research has shown pomegranate extracts to be effective against Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm), and various protozoan species.

 

Pomegranate also supports gut barrier function and reduces inflammation — both important considerations during a parasite cleanse.

 

The peel is where most of the antiparasitic action is, not the juice. Pomegranate peel powder or concentrated extract is what you want for therapeutic purposes. As an added bonus, pomegranate supports healthy gut microbiome diversity, which is important for long-term gut resilience after a cleanse.

 

Active compound: Punicalagins, ellagic acid, punicalin

 

Best form: Peel extract or standardized tannin supplement

 

9. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

 

 

Goldenseal's primary active compound, berberine, is one of the most extensively researched plant alkaloids in natural medicine. Its anti-parasitic mechanism involves DNA intercalation — berberine inserts itself into the DNA of parasitic organisms, disrupting transcription and replication. Research documents berberine's effectiveness against Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Leishmania species, among others.

 

Berberine also demonstrates significant antifungal activity against Candida species, making goldenseal a particularly useful herb for individuals dealing with concurrent parasite and yeast overgrowth.

 

Goldenseal is potent and should be cycled — I typically recommend no more than three weeks on at a time, with a break before resuming. It's also worth noting that berberine has meaningful drug interactions, particularly with antibiotics and medications metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. Always flag this with your prescribing physician.

 

Active compound: Berberine, hydrastine, canadine

 

Best form: Standardized extract (minimum 5% berberine), tincture

 

10. Neem (Azadirachta indica)

 

 

Neem is one of the most revered medicinal plants in Ayurvedic tradition, with over 300 bioactive compounds identified across its leaves, bark, and seeds. The primary anti-parasitic compound is azadirachtin, a complex limonoid that has demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against both helminths and protozoa in laboratory and animal studies. [6]

 

Neem's mechanism of action is multifaceted: azadirachtin interferes with cholinergic neurotransmission in parasitic worms, causing paralysis and impaired attachment to intestinal walls. It also inhibits energy metabolism and egg-hatching in helminths, which may help break the reproductive cycle. [6][8]

 

In my clinical experience, neem is particularly valuable as part of a comprehensive herbal protocol rather than as a standalone. Its bitter compounds also support digestive secretions and liver function, which are critical during any detoxification process. If you're new to neem, start with small doses — its potency is real, and it can provoke significant die-off reactions in sensitive individuals.

 

Active compound: Azadirachtin, nimbidin, nimbolide

 

Best form: Leaf extract or standardized capsule

 

Read our full guide: neem for parasites.

 

11. Black Seed Oil (Nigella sativa)

 

 

Black seed oil, cold-pressed from Nigella sativa seeds, has been used medicinally across Middle Eastern and South Asian traditions for centuries. Its primary active compound, thymoquinone (TQ), typically comprises 30–48% of the volatile oil fraction and drives much of the observed anti-parasitic and antifungal activity. [7][9]

 

Research shows that thymoquinone disrupts parasite cell membranes, induces oxidative stress in pathogenic organisms, and modulates the host immune response. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, with mortality rates exceeding 85% at tested concentrations. Animal and limited human trials also support its use as an adjunct against schistosomiasis and giardiasis. [7][9]

 

Black seed oil is one of my go-to recommendations for clients dealing with both parasites and candida simultaneously, as the thymoquinone addresses both concerns. Quality matters enormously here — look for cold-pressed, organic oil with verified thymoquinone content, and always check that the Latin name reads Nigella sativa (not to be confused with cumin).

 

Active compound: Thymoquinone (TQ), thymohydroquinone, thymol

 

Best form: Cold-pressed oil or softgel capsule

 

Read our full guide: Black Seed Oil for Parasites & Candida

 

12. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

 

 

Thyme is often overlooked in the anti-parasitic herb conversation, but scientific reviews consistently rank it alongside oregano as one of the most well-studied botanical anti-parasitics. Its primary active compound, thymol, is a phenolic monoterpene that shares structural similarity with carvacrol from oregano — and their mechanisms of action overlap significantly. [10][11]

 

In laboratory studies, thyme essential oil and isolated thymol demonstrated the ability to inhibit egg hatching by up to 100%, halt larval development, and completely eliminate adult worm motility against Haemonchus contortus (a common gastrointestinal nematode). Thymol also shows broad-spectrum activity against protozoan parasites including Giardia, Toxoplasma, and Trichomonas species. [10][11]

 

I think of thyme as oregano's quieter, equally effective sibling. For individuals who find oregano too intense on the digestive system, thyme can provide similar anti-parasitic benefits with a gentler profile. It also pairs beautifully in rotation protocols where you alternate herbs to prevent adaptation.

 

Active compound: Thymol, carvacrol

 

Best form: Essential oil (diluted), tincture, or standardized extract

 

13. Mimosa Pudica

 

 

Mimosa pudica, known as Lajjalu in Ayurvedic medicine, has gained significant attention in the parasite cleanse community in recent years. Native to Central and South America, this plant is perhaps best known for its unique "sensitive" leaves that fold inward when touched — but its seeds contain compounds that are increasingly valued for gut cleansing. [12]

 

The primary mechanism is largely mechanical rather than purely chemical: mimosa pudica seeds form a sticky, gel-like substance when they encounter moisture in the digestive tract. This mucilaginous gel is thought to adhere to the intestinal lining and help physically trap and sweep out parasites, biofilm, and mucoid plaque. Laboratory studies have also confirmed direct anthelmintic activity, with various extracts demonstrating dose-dependent paralysis and death of test organisms. [12][13]

 

Mimosa pudica works differently from most herbs on this list — it's more of a gut scrubber than a chemical killer. I consider it an excellent companion to the more potent antimicrobial herbs like wormwood or black walnut, adding a physical removal mechanism to the chemical approach. Take it on an empty stomach with plenty of water for best results.

 

Active compound: Mucilaginous seed gel, mimosine, tannins

 

Best form: Seed powder or capsule (on empty stomach)

 

14. Turmeric / Curcumin (Curcuma longa)

 

 

Turmeric is best known for its anti-inflammatory properties, but curcumin — its primary active polyphenol — has also demonstrated notable anti-parasitic activity across multiple species. Peer-reviewed research has documented curcumin's effectiveness against protozoa including Giardia lamblia, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cryptosporidium parvum, as well as helminths like Schistosoma mansoni. [5][14]

 

Curcumin's anti-parasitic mechanism appears to center on microtubule disruption. Studies on Giardia trophozoites show that curcumin directly damages the parasite's ventral disk, flagella, and cell membrane by interfering with tubulin protein assembly — effectively destroying the structural framework the parasite needs to survive and attach to your intestinal lining. [5]

 

The challenge with curcumin has always been bioavailability — standard turmeric powder is poorly absorbed. I recommend liposomal formulations, which dramatically improve absorption and deliver meaningful concentrations to the gut and systemic tissues. Curcumin also provides invaluable anti-inflammatory support during a cleanse, helping manage the inflammation that parasites create in the GI tract.

 

Active compound: Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin

 

Best form: Liposomal curcumin for optimal bioavailability

 

Try our Liposomal Curcumin Tonic — formulated for maximum absorption.

 

15. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

 

 

Ginger may seem like a humble kitchen staple, but it carries a surprisingly strong research profile as an anti-parasitic agent. Its bioactive compounds — particularly [6]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol — have demonstrated anthelmintic activity against multiple parasitic species including Anisakis simplex, Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma mansoni, and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, as well as antiprotozoal effects against Giardia and Toxoplasma. [15][16]

 

In laboratory studies, [10]-gingerol showed a greater maximum larvicidal effect than even albendazole (a commonly prescribed pharmaceutical anthelmintic), killing Anisakis larvae at concentrations as low as 62.5 µg/mL. Ginger compounds work by halting parasite motility in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and they also modulate cytokine production in the host, which may help coordinate the immune response against infection. [15][16]

 

I love ginger as the "everyone can start here" herb on this list. It's gentle, widely tolerated, and does double duty by soothing GI inflammation and nausea — both of which are common during a parasite cleanse. Fresh ginger tea, grated ginger in meals, or a quality ginger extract all deliver meaningful amounts of the active compounds.

 

Active compound: [6]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, [10]-shogaol

 

Best form: Fresh root, tincture, or standardized extract

 

Anti-Parasitic Herbs at a Glance

 

 

What to Eat (and Avoid) During an Herbal Parasite Protocol

 

 

Your diet during a parasite cleanse can significantly impact both the effectiveness of your herbal protocol and how you feel throughout the process. Parasites thrive on refined sugars and processed carbohydrates, so adjusting what you eat creates a less hospitable environment for them while supporting your body's natural detoxification pathways.

 

Foods to emphasize: Anti-parasitic foods like raw garlic, pumpkin seeds, papaya seeds, coconut oil, fermented vegetables, and bitter greens. Fiber-rich vegetables support regular elimination — critical for flushing out expelled parasites. Quality proteins and healthy fats provide the building blocks your immune system needs during this process.

 

Foods to minimize or avoid: Refined sugar and high-glycemic carbohydrates (these feed both parasites and pathogenic yeast), alcohol, dairy, and processed foods with artificial additives that burden the liver during an already demanding detox period.

 

Hydration: Adequate water intake is non-negotiable. The body needs water to flush toxins and dead parasites through the elimination pathways. Aim for at least half your body weight in ounces daily, and consider adding lemon or apple cider vinegar to support digestive pH.

 

For a full breakdown of what to eat during each phase of a parasite cleanse, read our guide: The Parasite Cleanse Diet: What to Eat and What to Avoid

 

Understanding Die-Off Reactions (Herxheimer Response)

 

 

When anti-parasitic herbs begin working effectively, dying parasites release endotoxins and other metabolic byproducts into the gut and bloodstream. This can temporarily intensify symptoms before you start feeling better — a phenomenon known as a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, or more commonly, "die-off." [17]

 

Common die-off symptoms include fatigue, headaches, brain fog, digestive upset (bloating, gas, loose stools), skin breakouts, body aches, and mild flu-like feelings. These symptoms are generally temporary — typically lasting a few days to two weeks — and while uncomfortable, they can actually indicate that your protocol is working.

 

How to manage die-off: The key is supporting your body's elimination pathways so that released toxins are processed and expelled efficiently. This means keeping bowels moving regularly, staying well-hydrated, supporting liver function, and using binders (like activated charcoal or zeolite) to absorb circulating toxins. If symptoms become overwhelming, consider reducing your herbal dosage temporarily and building back up gradually.

 

For a detailed guide on recognizing and managing die-off symptoms, read: Parasite Die-Off Symptoms and How to Manage Them

 

Supporting Elimination Pathways During a Cleanse

 

 

One of the most common mistakes in a parasite cleanse protocol is focusing entirely on killing parasites without adequately supporting the body's ability to eliminate what's been mobilized. Your elimination pathways — the liver, kidneys, lymphatic system, colon, and skin — must be functioning well before and during any intensive herbal protocol.

 

Liver and bile flow: The liver processes toxins released by dying parasites. Bitter herbs, milk thistle, and dandelion root can support hepatic function and bile production, which is essential for moving waste through the digestive tract.

 

Colon and bowel regularity: If you're not having at least one full bowel movement daily, dead parasites and their toxins recirculate. Magnesium, adequate fiber, and hydration are foundational here.

 

Binders: Toxin binders like activated charcoal, bentonite clay, chlorella, and zeolite can adsorb circulating endotoxins in the gut before they're reabsorbed. Binders should be taken at least 30–60 minutes away from food, supplements, and herbal formulas to avoid binding beneficial nutrients.

 

Lymphatic support: Gentle movement (walking, rebounding, yoga), dry brushing, and adequate hydration help keep the lymphatic system flowing — a critical but often forgotten piece of the detoxification puzzle.

 

For a deeper dive into binders and detoxification support, read: Binders for Detoxification: A Complete Guide

 

Ready to Start a Protocol?

 

If you're looking for a comprehensive approach, our Para-Clear & Gut Cleanse Protocol combines the most effective anti-parasitic herbs in evidence-based ratios, designed for full-cycle coverage. It's a good starting point if you want the foundational work done for you.

 

References

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[2] Parise ME, Hotez PJ, Slutsker L. Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Needs and Opportunities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):783-785. PubMed

[3] Wink M. Medicinal Plants: A Source of Anti-Parasitic Secondary Metabolites. Molecules. 2012;17(11):12771-12791. PubMed

[4] Ranasinghe S, et al. Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies. Parasitol Int. 2023;117(6):535-553. PubMed

[5] Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez F, et al. Curcumin alters the cytoskeleton and microtubule organization on trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. Acta Trop. 2017;172:113-121. PubMed

[6] Srivastava N, et al. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:891535. PubMed

[7] Forouzanfar F, et al. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): a review on antimicrobial effects. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2014;17(12):929-938. PubMed

[8] Kumar PS, et al. Anthelmintic efficacy of crude neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder against bovine strongylosis. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(4):1247-1252. PubMed

[9] Abdel-Baki AA, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa on Selected Gastrointestinal Diseases. Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2066. PubMed

[10] Ferreira LE, et al. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and its main component thymol: Anthelmintic effects against Haemonchus contortus from sheep. Vet Parasitol. 2016;228:70-76. PubMed

[11] de Matos AF, et al. Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and their toxicity in mice. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2017;27:285-290. PubMed

[12] Bendgude RD, et al. Anthelmintic Activity of Leaves of Mimosa Pudica. Int J Inst Pharm Life Sci. 2012;2(4):92-95. ResearchGate

[13] Pinheiro E. Antiparasitic, Antibiofilm, and Mucolytic Activities of Mimosa pudica: An Integrative Literature Review. Eur J Med Plants. 2025;36(4):174-182. EJMP

[14] Haddad M, et al. Curcuma as a Parasiticidal Agent: A Review. Planta Med. 2011;77(6):672-678. PubMed

[15] Lin RJ, et al. Larvicidal constituents of Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Anisakis simplex. Planta Med. 2010;76(16):1852-1858. PubMed

[16] Lin RJ, et al. Anthelmintic constituents from ginger (Zingiber officinale) against Hymenolepis nana. Acta Trop. 2014;140:50-60. PubMed

[17] Kaplanski G, et al. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: pathogenesis and management. (General clinical reference for die-off phenomenon.)

[18] Jha BK, et al. Juglone induces cell death of Acanthamoeba through increased production of reactive oxygen species. Exp Parasitol. 2015;159:100-106. PubMed

[19] Tagboto S, Townson S. Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products. Adv Parasitol. 2001;50:199-295. PubMed

[20] Grzybek M, et al. Cucurbitacins and their antiparasitic properties. (Review; multiple studies on cestocidal activity of pumpkin seed cucurbitacins.)